Continuation of the Marques and Almeida Method

Marques and Almeida are faithful to their more general model, and estimate the parameters $A$ and $\phi_0$ through what they term a least squares procedure. Specifically, they apply:

$$A e^{j\phi_0} = \frac{\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}Z^{*}(\omega)F_M(\omega)d\omega} {\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\vert Z(\omega)\vert^2 d\omega}$$ (21)

where we recall that $Z(\omega)$ is the FFT of a ``perfect'' chirp signal of the estimated center frequency and chirp rate, with unit amplitude and no phase offset.